python爬虫 爬取58同城上所有城市的租房信息详解

from fake_useragent import UserAgent
from lxml import etree
import requests, os
import time, re, datetime
import base64, json, pymysql
from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont

ua = UserAgent()


class CustomException(Exception):

  def __init__(self, status, msg):
    self.status = status
    self.msg = msg


class City_58:
  '''
  58同城的爬虫类，目前就写这两个
  出租房url: https://cd.58.com/chuzu/     cd代表成都缩写
  二手房url: https://cd.58.com/ershoufang/
  '''

  font_dict = {
    "glyph00001": "0",
    "glyph00002": "1",
    "glyph00003": "2",
    "glyph00004": "3",
    "glyph00005": "4",
    "glyph00006": "5",
    "glyph00007": "6",
    "glyph00008": "7",
    "glyph00009": "8",
    "glyph00010": "9",
  }
  conn = None

  def __init__(self):
    self.session = requests.Session()
    self.session.headers = {
      "user-agent": ua.random
    }
    self.__init__all_city()

  def __init__all_city(self):
    '''获取所有城市的名字及缩写的对应关系'''
    api = "https://www.58.com/changecity.html"
    headers = self.session.headers.copy()
    response = self.session.get(api, headers=headers)
    html = response.text
    res = re.findall("cityList = (.*", html, re.S)[0]
    res = re.sub("\s", "", res)
    dic = json.loads(res)
    for k, v in dic.items():
      for k1, v1 in v.items():
        dic[k][k1] = v1.split("|")[0]
    city_dict = {}

    def traverse_dict(dic: dict):
      for k, v in dic.items():
        if k == "海外" or k == "其他":
          continue
        if isinstance(v, dict):
          traverse_dict(v)
        city_dict[k] = v

    traverse_dict(dic)

    other_city = re.findall("independentCityList = (.*", html, re.S)[0]
    res = re.sub("\s", "", other_city)
    other_city_dic = json.loads(res)

    for k, v in other_city_dic.items():
      other_city_dic[k] = v.split("|")[0]

    city_dict.update(other_city_dic)
    self.all_city_dict = city_dict

  def spider_zufang(self, city: str = "成都", is_get_all: bool = True):
    '''爬取租房信息的爬虫方法'''
    assert self.all_city_dict is not None, "获取所有城市信息失败 !"
    format_city = self.all_city_dict.pop(city, None)
    assert format_city is not None, "{}该城市不在爬取城市之内".format(city)
    while True:
      self.city = city
      # self.file = open("./house_info.json", "a", encoding="utf-8")
      start_url = self.__init_zufang(format_city)

      # 思路是什么，首先进入区域的租房页面，在该页面中先提取出相应的title，比如经纪人，个人房源等等...
      # 我们需要构建出相应的url就可以了
      # start_url的格式为 https://cd.58.com/chuzu/ 我们需要转为这样的格式 https://cd.58.com/jintang/hezu/
      # 我们访问转化后的地址，再拿去到相应的链接，比如经纪人，个人房源等链接
      # 拿到该链接以后，这就是这个分类里的第一页url，我们再对这个链接发生请求，
      # 拿到响应体，这里可以写一个while循环，因为我们不知道有多少页，其实也可以知道有多少页，就是在这个响应体中可拿到
      # 我的思路就是写一个while循环，判断是否有下一页，有的继续，没有的话直接break

      for url_info_list in self.__get_url(start_url):
        # 这里的话，最好进行判断一下，因为每个title(值个人房源，品牌公寓等..)不一样的话,可能爬取的策略也不太一样
        title = url_info_list[1]
        if title in ["个人房源", "安选房源", "经纪人", "热租房源"] or "出租" in title:
          self.__spiders_v1(url_info_list)
          # pass
        elif title == "品牌公寓":
          self.__spiders_v2(url_info_list)
          pass
        elif title == "房屋求租":
          # 房屋求租不太想写，数据也不是很多
          pass
        else:
          # 这种情况不在范围内，直接pass掉
          continue
      if not is_get_all:
        return
      try:
        city = list(self.all_city_dict.keys()).pop()
        format_city = self.all_city_dict.pop(city)
      except IndexError:
        print('全国出租房信息，爬取完毕')
        return

  def spider_ershoufang(self, city: str = "cd"):
    '''爬取二手房信息的爬虫方法'''
    pass

  def __spiders_v1(self, url_info_list):
    "负责处理个人房源，安选房源等等页面的方法"
    url = url_info_list[2]
    page_num = 1
    while True:
      time.sleep(2)
      print("正在爬取{}-{}--第{}页数据".format(url_info_list[0], url_info_list[1], page_num))
      response = self.__get_html_source(url)
      # 从html源码中获取到想要的数据
      for house_info_list in self.__deal_with_html_source_v1(response):
        self.__save_to_mysql(house_info_list, url_info_list)
      # 判断是否还有下一页
      next_page_url = self.__is_exist_next_page(response)
      if not next_page_url:
        print("{}-{}爬取完毕".format(url_info_list[0], url_info_list[1]))
        return
      url = next_page_url
      page_num += 1

  def __spiders_v2(self, url_info_list):
    '''处理品牌公寓的爬虫信息'''
    base_url = url_info_list[2]
    format_url = self.__format_url_v2(base_url)
    page_num = 1
    params = None
    while True:
      print("正在爬取{}--第{}页数据...".format(url_info_list[1], page_num))
      time.sleep(2)
      url = format_url.format(page_num)
      response = self.__get_html_source(url, params)
      # 获取到有用的数据 deal_with_html_source_v2
      for house_info_list in self.__deal_with_html_source_v2(response):
        # self.__save_to_file_v2(house_info_list)
        self.__save_to_mysql(house_info_list)

      # 获取到下一页的encryptData
      encryptData = self.__get_html_encryptData(response)

      # 判断是否还有下一页，通过<div class="tip">信息不足，为您推荐附近房源</div>
      if not self.__is_exist_next_page_v2(response):
        print("{}爬取完毕".format(url_info_list[1]))
        return
      page_num += 1
      params = {
        "encryptData": encryptData or "",
        "segment": "true"
      }

  def __save_to_file_v2(self, house_info_list):
    '''
    :param house_info_list: 关于房子的信息的列表
    :param url_info_list: [区域，类型(个人房源，经纪人等等...),url]
    :return:
    '''

    print("房间图片地址:", file=self.file)
    print(json.dumps(house_info_list[0], ensure_ascii=False), file=self.file)
    print("房间描述:", file=self.file)
    print(json.dumps(house_info_list[1], ensure_ascii=False), file=self.file)
    print("房间详情:", file=self.file)
    print(json.dumps(house_info_list[2], ensure_ascii=False), file=self.file)
    print("房间地理位置:", file=self.file)
    print(json.dumps(house_info_list[3], ensure_ascii=False), file=self.file)
    print("获取房间的标签:", file=self.file)
    print(json.dumps(house_info_list[4], ensure_ascii=False), file=self.file)
    print("获取房间的价格:", file=self.file)
    print(json.dumps(house_info_list[5], ensure_ascii=False), file=self.file)
    print(file=self.file)

  def __save_to_mysql(self, house_info_list, url_info_list=None):
    '''保存到数据库'''
    if not self.conn:
      self.conn = pymysql.connect(host="127.0.0.1",
                    port=3306,
                    user="root",
                    password="root",
                    db="city_58")
      self.conn.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    if not url_info_list:
      sql = "insert into zu_house_copy (house_img_url,house_title,house_details,house_address,house_tags,hoouse_price,house_type,city) values (%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s)"
      house_info_list.append("品牌公寓")
    else:
      sql = "insert into zu_house_copy (house_img_url,house_title,house_details,house_address,house_tags,hoouse_price,area,house_type,city) values (%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s)"
      house_info_list.append(url_info_list[0])
      house_info_list.append(url_info_list[1])
    house_info_list.append(self.city)
    row = self.conn.cursor.execute(sql, house_info_list)
    if not row:
      print("插入失败")
    else:
      self.conn.commit()

  def __deal_with_html_source_v1(self, response):
    html = response.text
    self.__get_font_file(html)
    html = self.__format_html_source(html)
    for house_info_list in self.__parse_html_v1(html):
      yield house_info_list

  def __deal_with_html_source_v2(self, response):

    html = response.text
    # 源码里的关于数字0123456789都是进行处理过的，我们需要先获取到字体文件
    # 我们先获取到字体文件并且保存
    self.__get_font_file(html)

    # 对源码中的字体进行处理，得到浏览器显示的数据
    html = self.__format_html_source(html)

    # 开始从页面中提取出想要的数据
    for house_info_list in self.__parse_html_v2(html):
      yield house_info_list

  def __parse_html_v1(self, html):
    xml = etree.HTML(html)

    li_xpath_list = xml.xpath("//ul[@class='listUl']/li[@logr]")

    for li_xpath in li_xpath_list:
      house_info_list = []
      try:
        house_img_url = li_xpath.xpath("div[@class='img_list']/a/img/@lazy_src")[0]
      except IndexError:
        house_img_url = li_xpath.xpath("div[@class='img_list']/a/img/@src")[0]
      house_info_list.append(house_img_url)
      # 房间描述
      house_title = re.sub("\s", "", li_xpath.xpath("div[@class='des']/h2/a/text()")[0])
      house_info_list.append(house_title)
      # 房间详情
      house_details = re.sub("\s", "",
                  li_xpath.xpath("div[@class='des']/p[@class='room strongbox']/text()")[0].strip())
      house_info_list.append(house_details)
      # 房间地理位置
      house_address = re.sub("\s", "",
                  li_xpath.xpath("div[@class='des']/p[@class='add']")[0].xpath("string(.)"))
      house_info_list.append(house_address)
      # 获取房间的标签
      house_tags = "暂无标签"
      house_info_list.append(house_tags)
      # 获取房间的价格
      hoouse_price = re.sub("\s", "",
                 li_xpath.xpath("div[@class='listliright']/div[@class='money']")[0].xpath("string(.)"))
      house_info_list.append(hoouse_price)

      yield house_info_list

  def __parse_html_v2(self, html):
    '''解析页面，拿到数据'''
    xml = etree.HTML(html)
    li_xpath_list = xml.xpath("//ul[@class='list']/li")
    for li_xpath in li_xpath_list:
      house_info_list = []
      # 房间图片地址，这里只获取了一张，我在想要不要获取多张
      # 先空着。。。。。。。。。。。。。
      house_img_url = li_xpath.xpath("a/div[@class='img']/img/@lazy_src")[0]
      house_info_list.append(house_img_url)
      # 房间描述
      house_title = li_xpath.xpath("a/div[@class='des strongbox']/h2/text()")[0].strip()
      house_info_list.append(house_title)
      # 房间详情
      house_details = re.sub("\s", "", li_xpath.xpath("a/div[@class='des strongbox']/p[@class='room']/text()")[0])
      # house_details = li_xpath.xpath("a/div[@class='des strongbox']/p[@class='room']/text()")[0]
      house_info_list.append(house_details)
      # 房间地理位置
      house_address = re.sub("\s", "", li_xpath.xpath(
        "a/div[@class='des strongbox']/p[@class='dist']")[0].xpath("string(.)")) or "暂无地址"
      # house_address = li_xpath.xpath( "a/div[@class='des strongbox']/p[@class='dist']/text()")[0]
      house_info_list.append(house_address)
      # 获取房间的标签
      house_tags = ",".join(li_xpath.xpath("a/div[@class='des strongbox']/p[@class='spec']/span/text()"))
      house_info_list.append(house_tags)
      # 获取房间的价格
      hoouse_price = re.sub("\s", "", li_xpath.xpath("a/div[@class='money']/span[@class='strongbox']")[0].xpath(
        "string(.)")) or "暂无价格"
      house_info_list.append(hoouse_price)

      yield house_info_list

  def __get_font_file(self, html):
    '''从源码中获取到字体文件，并且转为保存，转为TTFont对象'''
    try:
      b64 = re.findall(r"base64,(.*", html, re.S)[0]
      res = base64.b64decode(b64)
      with open("./online_font.ttf", "wb") as f:
        f.write(res)
      self.online_font = TTFont("./online_font.ttf")
      self.online_font.saveXML("./online.xml")
    except IndexError:
      return

  def __format_html_source(self, html):
    assert self.online_font, "必须创建字体对象"
    assert os.path.exists("./online.xml"), "请先获取到字体文件。"

    with open("./online.xml", "rb") as f:
      file_data = f.read()

    online_uni_list = self.online_font.getGlyphOrder()[1:]
    file_selector = etree.HTML(file_data)
    for uni2 in online_uni_list:
      code = file_selector.xpath("//cmap//map[@name='{}']/@code".format(uni2))[0]
      dd = "&#x" + code[2:].lower() + ";"
      if dd in html:
        html = html.replace(dd, self.font_dict[uni2])
    return html

  def __format_url_v2(self, url):
    '''
    :param url: https://cd.58.com/pinpaigongyu/"")
    a[0] = a[0] + "pn/{}"
    format_url = "".join(a)
    return format_url

  def __is_exist_next_page_v2(self, response):
    xml = self.__response_to_xml(response)
    try:
      _ = xml.xpath("//div[@class='tip']")[0]
      return False
    except IndexError:
      return True

  def __get_html_encryptData(self, response):
    html = response.text
    encryptData = re.findall(r"encryptData\":\"(.*"", html, re.S)[0]
    return encryptData

  def __get_url(self, start_url: str):
    url_set = set()
    for area, v in self.area_dict.items():
      url = self.__conversion_url(start_url, v)
      response = self.__get_html_source(url)
      title_dict = self.__get_title_info(response)
      for title_name, v in title_dict.items():
        # 对于求租、品牌公寓这个url，它是重复的,在这里进行判断判断就好了
        if v in url_set:
          continue
        else:
          url_set.add(v)
          yield [area, title_name, v]

  def __conversion_url(self, url: str, area: str):
    '''
    :param url: https://cd.58.com/chuzu/
    :param area:
    :return: https://cd.58.com/区域缩写/chuzu/
    '''
    lis = url.split("/")
    lis.insert(3, area)
    return "/".join(lis)

  def __init_zufang(self, format_city):
    '''首先将所需要的数据的获取到'''
    start_url = "https://{}.58.com/chuzu/".format(format_city)
    headers = self.session.headers.copy()
    response = self.session.get(url=start_url, headers=headers)
    self.__get_area_info(response)
    return start_url

  def __get_html_source(self, url, params=None):
    '''通过get方式获取到网页的源码'''
    time.sleep(1)
    headers = self.session.headers.copy()
    try:
      if not params:
        params = {}
      response = self.session.get(url=url, headers=headers, params=params)
      return response
    except Exception as e:
      with open("./url_log_error.txt", "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        f.write(str(datetime.datetime.now()) + "\n")
        f.write(str(e) + "\n")
        f.write("error_url:{}".format(url) + "\n")

  def __response_to_xml(self, response):
    try:
      xml = etree.HTML(response.text)
      return xml
    except AttributeError:
      raise CustomException(10000, "response对象转换为xml失败,错误的链接地址为:{}".format(response))

  def __is_exist_next_page(self, response):
    '''判断是否存在下一页,存在拿到下一页的链接，不存在返回False'''
    xml = self.__response_to_xml(response)
    try:
      next_page_url = xml.xpath("//a[@class='next']/@href")[0]
      return next_page_url
    except IndexError:
      return False

  def __get_area_info(self, response):
    '''获取到当前城市的区域'''
    xml = self.__response_to_xml(response)
    a_xpath_list = xml.xpath("//dl[@class='secitem secitem_fist']//a[not(@class)]")
    area_key_list = []
    area_value_list = []
    for a_xpath in a_xpath_list:
      area_key_list.append(a_xpath.xpath("text()")[0])
      area_value_list.append(re.findall("com/(.*", a_xpath.xpath("@href")[0])[0])
    assert len(area_key_list) == len(area_value_list), "数据不完整"

    self.area_dict = {k: v for k, v in zip(area_key_list, area_value_list)}

  def __get_title_info(self, response):
    '''获取房屋的分类，比如个人房源，合租房，经纪人，热选房源...'''
    "listTitle"
    xml = self.__response_to_xml(response)
    a_xpath_list = xml.xpath("//div[@class='listTitle']//a[not(@class)]")
    title_key_list = []
    title_value_list = []
    for a_xpath in a_xpath_list:
      title_key_list.append(a_xpath.xpath("span/text()")[0])
      title_value_list.append(a_xpath.xpath("@href")[0])
    assert len(title_key_list) == len(title_value_list), "数据不完整"
    return {k: v for k, v in zip(title_key_list, title_value_list)}
if __name__ == '__main__':
  city_58 = City_58()
  city_58.spider_zufang("重庆")