(编辑:jimmy 日期: 2024/11/13 浏览:2)
一、用属性替代 getter 或 setter 方法
以下代码中包含手动实现的 getter(get_ohms
) 和 setter(set_ohms
) 方法:
class OldResistor(object): def __init__(self, ohms): self._ohms = ohms self.voltage = 0 self.current = 0 def get_ohms(self): return self._ohms def set_ohms(self, ohms): self._ohms = ohms r0 = OldResistor(50e3) print(f'Before: {r0.get_ohms()}') r0.set_ohms(10e3) print(f'After: {r0.get_ohms()}') # => Before: 50000.0 # => After: 10000.0
这些工具方法有助于定义类的接口,使得开发者可以方便地封装功能、验证用法并限定取值范围。
但是在 Python 语言中,应尽量从简单的 public 属性写起:
class Resistor(object): def __init__(self, ohms): self.ohms = ohms self.voltage = 0 self.current = 0 r1 = Resistor(50e3) print(f'Before: {r1.ohms}') r1.ohms = 10e3 print(f'After: {r1.ohms}') # => Before: 50000.0 # => After: 10000.0
访问实例的属性则可以直接使用 instance.property
这样的格式。
如果想在设置属性的同时实现其他特殊的行为,如在对上述 Resistor
类的 voltage
属性赋值时,需要同时修改其 current
属性。
可以借助 @property
装饰器和 setter
方法实现此类需求:
from resistor import Resistor class VoltageResistor(Resistor): def __init__(self, ohms): super().__init__(ohms) self._voltage = 0 @property def voltage(self): return self._voltage @voltage.setter def voltage(self, voltage): self._voltage = voltage self.current = self._voltage / self.ohms r2 = VoltageResistor(1e3) print(f'Before: {r2.current} amps') r2.voltage = 10 print(f'After: {r2.current} amps') Before: 0 amps After: 0.01 amps
此时设置 voltage 属性会执行名为 voltage 的 setter 方法,更新当前对象的 current 属性,使得最终的电流值与电压和电阻相匹配。
@property 的其他使用场景
属性的 setter
方法里可以包含类型验证和数值验证的代码:
from resistor import Resistor class BoundedResistor(Resistor): def __init__(self, ohms): super().__init__(ohms) @property def ohms(self): return self._ohms @ohms.setter def ohms(self, ohms): if ohms <= 0: raise ValueError('ohms must be > 0') self._ohms = ohms r3 = BoundedResistor(1e3) r3.ohms = -5 # => ValueError: ohms must be > 0
甚至可以通过 @property
防止继承自父类的属性被修改:
from resistor import Resistor class FixedResistance(Resistor): def __init__(self, ohms): super().__init__(ohms) @property def ohms(self): return self._ohms @ohms.setter def ohms(self, ohms): if hasattr(self, '_ohms'): raise AttributeError("Can't set attribute") self._ohms = ohms r4 = FixedResistance(1e3) r4.ohms = 2e3 # => AttributeError: Can't set attribute
要点
二、需要复用的 @property 方法
对于如下需求:
编写一个 Homework 类,其成绩属性在被赋值时需要确保该值大于 0 且小于 100。借助 @property 方法实现起来非常简单:
class Homework(object): def __init__(self): self._grade = 0 @property def grade(self): return self._grade @grade.setter def grade(self, value): if not (0 <= value <= 100): raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100') self._grade = value galileo = Homework() galileo.grade = 95 print(galileo.grade) # => 95
假设上述验证逻辑需要用在包含多个科目的考试成绩上,每个科目都需要单独计分。则 @property 方法及验证代码就要重复编写多次,同时这种写法也不够通用。
采用 Python 的描述符可以更好地实现上述功能。在下面的代码中,Exam 类将几个 Grade 实例作为自己的类属性,Grade 类则通过 __get__
和 __set__
方法实现了描述符协议。
class Grade(object): def __init__(self): self._value = 0 def __get__(self, instance, instance_type): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): if not (0 <= value <= 100): raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100') self._value = value class Exam(object): math_grade = Grade() science_grade = Grade() first_exam = Exam() first_exam.math_grade = 82 first_exam.science_grade = 99 print('Math', first_exam.math_grade) print('Science', first_exam.science_grade) second_exam = Exam() second_exam.science_grade = 75 print('Second exam science grade', second_exam.science_grade, ', right') print('First exam science grade', first_exam.science_grade, ', wrong') # => Math 82 # => Science 99 # => Second exam science grade 75 , right # => First exam science grade 75 , wrong
在对 exam 实例的属性进行赋值操作时:
exam = Exam() exam.math_grade = 40
Python 会将其转译为如下代码:
Exam.__dict__['math_grade'].__set__(exam, 40)
而获取属性值的代码:
print(exam.math_grade)
也会做如下转译:
print(Exam.__dict__['math_grade'].__get__(exam, Exam))
但上述实现方法会导致不符合预期的行为。由于所有的 Exam 实例都会共享同一份 Grade 实例,在多个 Exam 实例上分别操作某一个属性就会出现错误结果。
second_exam = Exam() second_exam.science_grade = 75 print('Second exam science grade', second_exam.science_grade, ', right') print('First exam science grade', first_exam.science_grade, ', wrong') # => Second exam science grade 75 , right # => First exam science grade 75 , wrong
可以做出如下改动,将每个 Exam 实例所对应的值依次记录到 Grade 中,用字典结构保存每个实例的状态:
class Grade(object): def __init__(self): self._values = {} def __get__(self, instance, instance_type): if instance is None: return self return self._values.get(instance, 0) def __set__(self, instance, value): if not (0 <= value <= 100): raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100') self._values[instance] = value class Exam(object): math_grade = Grade() writing_grade = Grade() science_grade = Grade() first_exam = Exam() first_exam.math_grade = 82 second_exam = Exam() second_exam.math_grade = 75 print('First exam math grade', first_exam.math_grade, ', right') print('Second exam math grade', second_exam.math_grade, ', right') # => First exam math grade 82 , right # => Second exam math grade 75 , right
还有另外一个问题是,在程序的生命周期内,对于传给 __set__
的每个 Exam 实例来说,_values
字典都会保存指向该实例的一份引用,导致该实例的引用计数无法降为 0 从而无法被 GC 回收。
解决方法是将普通字典替换为 WeakKeyDictionary
:
from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary self._values = WeakKeyDictionary()
参考资料
Effective Python
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